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  • 数据显示选项

    lesson content

    ::[图1]

    Rahul has just moved to California from Arizona. Everyone around him is talking about the California drought, but he is having trouble understanding what they mean since California has so much more rain than he was used to in Arizona. He found a table that compares the rainfall of the past 50 years to the  average  rainfall over 135 years. He wants to create some sort of visual representation that will clarify the  data , but he's not sure which type of graph he should choose.
    ::Rahul刚从亚利桑那州搬到加利福尼亚。他身边的每个人都在谈论加利福尼亚干旱,但他不明白他们的意思,因为加利福尼亚的降雨量比亚利桑那州要多得多。他找到了一张表,将过去50年的降雨量与135年的平均降雨量作了比较。他想制作某种视觉图解,以澄清数据,但他不知道他应该选择哪种图表。

    In this concept, you will learn how to display data in different formats for best effectiveness.
    ::在这个概念中,你将学习如何以不同格式显示数据,以取得最佳效果。

    Choices for Data Display
    ::数据显示的选择

    Data  is a collection of numbers brought together in order for analysis. Temperature, rainfall, salinity, money spent, percentage of minority students, etc. are all different types of data.
    ::数据是集中起来进行分析的数字汇编,温度、降雨量、盐度、花费的钱、少数民族学生的百分比等都是不同类型的数据。

    Often,  raw data  will be displayed in a  table  which is organized in some sort of clear order but without any analysis having been performed.
    ::原始数据通常显示在表格中,表格按某种明确顺序排列,但没有进行任何分析。

    A  graph  is a way of representing data that includes analysis. The right graph for the  data set  will make important  trends  in the data clear. There are many different kinds of graphs, and each is particularly effective with different kinds of data.
    ::图表是代表包含分析在内的数据的一种方式。 数据集的正确图表将使数据中的重要趋势变得清晰。 图表种类多种多样, 每种图表对不同种类的数据特别有效 。

    A  bar graph  displays the frequency of data, or how often data occurs. Here is an example.
    ::条形图显示数据的频率,或数据发生频率。示例如下。

    A   compares the frequency of two sets of data. Here is an example.
    ::比较两组数据的频率。这里举一例。

    A  line graph  shows how data changes over time. Here is an example.
    ::直线图显示数据随时间变化的方式。这里举一个例子。

    A  double line graph  compares how two sets of data change over time. This example compares six sets of data.
    ::双行图比较了两组数据随时间变化的方式。此示例比较了六组数据。

    A  pie chart  shows a percentage out of a whole. Here is an example.
    ::馅饼图表显示整体中一个百分比。这里举一个例子。

    So, if a girl scout sells 20 boxes of thin mints, 13 boxes of samoas, and 5 boxes of tagalongs a table showing this data would look like:
    ::因此,如果一个女童子军出售20箱薄薄薄薄荷、13箱沙摩和5箱挂在一张表格上显示这一数据,则看起来:

      Thin Mints Samoas Tagalongs
    Girl Scout 1 20 13 5

    But if she wanted to represent her data in a visual way so that it was immediately clear which cookie sold the best, she would choose to display her data with a bar graph because number of cookie boxes sold is a type of frequency.
    ::但如果她想以直观的方式展示她的数据, 以便立即弄清楚哪个饼干卖得最好的, 她会选择用条形图显示她的数据, 因为出售的饼干盒的数量是一种频率。

    Now, if she wanted to compare her cookie sales to those of another girl scout, she would choose a double bar graph because that would immediately show the relative frequencies of the two.
    ::如果她想把她的饼干销售量 和另一个女童子军的饼干销售量作比较 她会选择一个双条形图 因为那会立即显示 两者的相对频率

    Examples
    ::实例

    Example 1
    ::例1

    Earlier, you were given a problem about Rahul and his question about California rainfall.
    ::早些时候,你得到一个问题 关于Rahul和他的问题 关于加州降雨量。

    He is trying to decide how best to display his data from the table below.
    ::他试图决定如何最好地从下表显示他的数据。

    Season (July 1-June 30) (Year given represents end of season)
    ::季节(7月1日至6月30日)

    Inches Above/Below (+/-)   135 Year Average
    ::高于/低于(+/-)英寸(+/-)

    2012

    -6.29

    2011

    +5.22

    2010

    +1.38

    2009

    -5.90

    2008

    -1.45

    2007

    -11.77

    2006

    -1.79

    2005

    +22.98

    2004

    -5.73

    2003

    +1.44

    2002

    -10.56

    2001

    +2.96

    2000

    -3.41

    1999

    -5.89

    1998

    +16.03

    1997

    -2.58

    1996

    -2.54

    1995

    +9.37

    1994

    -6.87

    1993

    +12.38

    1992

    +6.02

    1991

    -2.99

    1990

    -7.63

    1989

    -6.90

    1988

    -2.50

    1987

    -7.32

    1986

    +2.88

    1985

    -2.16

    1984

    -4.55

    1983

    +16.3

    1982

    -4.27

    1981

    -6.02

    1980

    +12.00

    1979

    +4.69

    1978

    +18.46

    1977

    -2.68

    1976

    -7.77

    1975

    -0.63

    1974

    -0.06

    1973

    +6.28

    1972

    -7.81

    1971

    -2.66

    1970

    -7.24

    1969

    +12.49

    1968

    +1.60

    1967

    +7.02

    1966

    +5.46

    1965

    -1.30

    1964

    -7.05

    1963

    -6.60

    First, he determines what type of data is given: frequency, change over time, or percentage of a whole.
    ::首先,他决定提供哪类数据:频率、时间变化或整体百分比。

    In this case, it is change in rainfall over time. So it would best be described using a line graph.
    ::在这种情况下,降雨量随时间而变化。因此最好用直线图来描述。

    Next, he determines how many lines of data there are.
    ::接下来,他决定了有多少条线的数据线。

    He only has one rainfall value/year and his chart does not have any other type of data, so he concludes that a single line graph would be best.
    ::他每年只有一次降雨值,他的图表没有任何其他类型的数据,因此他的结论是,最好用一个单一的直线图。

    Example 2
    ::例2

    Determine which type of graph will best display the data below.
    ::确定哪类图表最能显示以下数据。

    Keith gathered the following data about how bus fare changed in his town over a period of five years. He wants to bring it to the PTA to show that free bus passes ought to be given to students.
    ::Keith收集了以下数据,说明五年来本镇公共汽车票价的变化情况。 他想将数据带到PTA, 以显示学生应该免费获得公共汽车票。

    2007 .35

    2008 .35

    2009 .40

    2010 .40

    2011 .45

    First, determine what type of data is given. Is the data a matter of frequency, change over time, or percentage of a whole?
    ::首先,确定提供哪类数据。数据是否属于频率、时间变化或整体百分比问题?

    In this case, it is change over time. So it would best be described using a line graph.
    ::在这种情况下,它是随时间而变化的。所以最好用直线图来描述。

    Next, determine whether there is just one set of data that needs to be shown or if there are multiple lines of data to compare.
    ::下一步,确定是否只有一组数据需要显示,或者是否有多行数据可供比较。

    In this case, there is just one bus fare, so a single line graph will suffice.
    ::在这种情况下,只有一辆公交车的票价,因此只要一张线条图就足够了。

    The answer is a single line graph.
    ::答案是单行图。

    Example 3
    ::例3

    What graph would best show how often someone eats ice cream?
    ::哪张图表最能显示人们吃冰淇淋的频率?

    First, determine what type of data is given. Is the data a matter of frequency, change over time, or percentage of a whole?
    ::首先,确定提供哪类数据。数据是否属于频率、时间变化或整体百分比问题?

    In this case, the data is about frequency. So it would best be described using a bar graph.
    ::在这种情况下,数据是关于频率的。所以最好用条形图来描述。

    Next, determine whether there is just one set of data that needs to be shown or if there are multiple lines of data to compare.
    ::下一步,确定是否只有一组数据需要显示,或者是否有多行数据可供比较。

    In this case, there is just one person eating ice cream, so a single bar graph will suffice.
    ::在这种情况下,只有一个人吃冰淇淋, 所以只要一张条形图就足够了。

    The answer is a single bar graph.
    ::答案是单一的条形图。

    Example 4
    ::例4

    What graph would best describe how much of someone's monthly budget is allocated to rent, food, and other bills?
    ::何种图表能最好地说明某人的月预算中有多少用于租金、食品和其他账单?

    First, determine what type of data is given. Is the data a matter of frequency, change over time, or percentage of a whole?
    ::首先,确定提供哪类数据。数据是否属于频率、时间变化或整体百分比问题?

    In this case, it is the percentage of someone's entire budget. So it would best be described using  circle graph .
    ::在这种情况下,这是某人整个预算的百分比。所以最好用圆形图来说明。

    The answer is a pie chart.
    ::答案是一张馅饼图表。

    Example 5
    ::例5

    What would be the best way to show that climate is changing over time?
    ::显示气候随时间变化的最佳方式是什么?

    First, determine what type of data is given. Is the data a matter of frequency, change over time, or percentage of a whole?
    ::首先,确定提供哪类数据。数据是否属于频率、时间变化或整体百分比问题?

    In this case, it is change over time. So it would best be described using a line graph.
    ::在这种情况下,它是随时间而变化的。所以最好用直线图来描述。

    Next, determine whether there is just one set of data that needs to be shown or if there are multiple lines of data to compare.
    ::下一步,确定是否只有一组数据需要显示,或者是否有多行数据可供比较。

    In this case, it would depend. You could just show that the temperature was raising over time. Or you could add on top of that other indicators like CO2 levels or levels of water melted in polar icecaps that have also changed over time.
    ::在这种情况下,它会取决于。 您可以只显示温度随着时间推移而上升。 或者在其它指标之上添加, 比如二氧化碳水平或者在极地冰盖中融化的水水平, 这些也随时间推移而变化。

    So this data could be presented either with a single or multiple line graph.

    ::因此,可以通过单行图或多行图来提供这一数据。

    Review
    ::回顾

    Select the best display for each description of data. Choose from circle graph, line graph, double line graph, bar graph or double bar graph.
    ::选择每种数据描述的最佳显示方式。从圆形图、线形图、双行图、条形图或双条形图中选择。

    1. The percentages of people who enjoy ice cream
      ::享受冰淇淋的人口比例
    2. How stamp prices have changed over time
      ::邮票价格如何随时间变化
    3. How stamp prices changed in 1996 and in 1998.
      ::1996年和1998年印花价格如何变化。
    4. The number of students who attended college in 1990, 1991, and 1992
      ::1990年、1991年和1992年上大学的学生人数
    5. The percentages of people who prefer chocolate, vanilla or strawberry ice cream.
      ::喜欢巧克力、香草或草莓冰淇淋的人的百分比
    6. The changes in prices at one movie theater over a period of three years.
      ::一个电影院三年内价格的变动。
    7. The changes in prices at two different movie theaters over a period of three years.
      ::两家不同的电影院在三年内的价格变化。
    8. A graph showing how sales had declined during the past month
      ::显示过去一个月销售额下降情况的图表
    9. A graph showing the number of students with perfect attendance during the past three months.
      ::图表显示过去三个月中完全出勤的学生人数。
    10. A graph showing the number of students with perfect attendance at two different schools during the past three months.
      ::图表显示在过去三个月中两所不同学校的完全出勤学生人数。
    11. The percentages of students who complete homework.
      ::完成功课的学生的百分比。
    12. The percentages of students who enjoy playing particular sports.
      ::享受特定体育运动的学生比例。
    13. How the percentages of students who attend college has changed over time.
      ::学生上大学的百分比随着时间推移而变化。
    14. How the price of a hamburger has changed over time.
      ::汉堡的价格如何随时间变化。
    15. The percentages of people who enjoy watching particular sports events.
      ::享受特定体育赛事的人的百分比。